Wednesday, May 6, 2020
METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART ASSIGNMENT Essay Example For Students
METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART ASSIGNMENT Essay METI.Jan van Eyckââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Last Judgmentâ⬠Jan van Eyck was active since 1422 and died in 1441. He was the most celebrated painter of the fifteen-century in Europe. One of his famous works is ââ¬Å"The Last Judgmentâ⬠. At first sight this work immediately attracted my attention. The paintingââ¬â¢s stunning colors and the fact that it reminded me of a previous similar work I have seen, triggered in my mind. The material that is used is oil on canvas, transferred from wood. The size of this work is 22 1/4 *7 2/3 in. (56.5 * 19.7cm).As I closely approached the painting I began to realize the differences between Jan van Eyck and Michelangeloââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Last Judgmentâ⬠. Contrary to Michelangeloââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Last Judgmentâ⬠, Jan van Eyckââ¬â¢s work has specifically distinguished ââ¬Å"Goodâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Evilâ⬠. It is separated into three tiers. In the upper portion of this work of art only heaven is represented. Jesus Christ is on the top, above all the people in heaven, having Maria next to him, on his right hand side and surrounded by angels. In the middle part of Jan van Eyckââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Last Judgmentâ⬠limbo is represented. This is state midway between heaven and hell. Hell is represented at the bottom part of Jan van Eyckââ¬â¢s work. To clarify the separation between limbo and hell, death is vividly drawn. However, in Michelangeloââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Last Judgmentâ⬠each figure preserves its own individuality and both the single figure and the groups need their own background. In the depths of the scene figures are rising from their graves. Naked skeletons are covered with new flesh and dead men help each other to rise from the earth. II.El Grecoââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Christ Carrying the Crossâ⬠El Grecoââ¬â¢s real name is Domenikos Theotokopoulos and his Greek. He was born in 1541 and died in 1614. During his long career in Spain, El Greco produced numerous paintings of Christ carrying the cross. The first sight of this painting extremely moved me. In this work, no other figures are represented and the setting is not recognizable. In the depth of his eyes one can see the suffering and pain for our human sacrifice. As well as this one can also see the holy look on the facial expression as hegently carries the cross. On the cross, above the left hand in Greek letters, ââ¬Å"domenikos theotokopoulos epoieiâ⬠is written. ââ¬Å"Christ Carrying the Crossâ⬠is one of the most intriguing work of art. It belongs to Robert Lehman collection since 1953. Its size is 41 3/8 * 31 in. (105 * 79 cm) and the material used to make it is oil on canvas. III.Pendant mask; Iyoba 16th centuryThe artistââ¬â¢s name is Benin and he is from Nigeria. He lived in the 16th century. To produce this mask he used ivory, iron and copper. The maskââ¬â¢s height is 9 3/9 in (23.8 cm). This mask is an image of a woman. An image of a woman is very rare in Beninââ¬â¢s tradition. However, this work of art represents the legacy of a continuous dynasty. This mask is believed to be designed for Beninââ¬â¢s Kingââ¬â¢s mother. It is also believed that this mask was used to commemorate kingââ¬â¢s mother. The color of the mask is white, a symbol of purity. On the mask, one can se the details of the face showing the impression of it. One can distinguish the angry eyes, the big nose and the puffing lips. There are carved scarification marks on the forehead, and below the chin there are bands of coral beads. This piece of art belongs to the Michael C. Rockefeller Memorial collection. It was a gift from Nelson A. Rockefeller in 1972. .u3300a18f105b1d85cadfa204b21f660d , .u3300a18f105b1d85cadfa204b21f660d .postImageUrl , .u3300a18f105b1d85cadfa204b21f660d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3300a18f105b1d85cadfa204b21f660d , .u3300a18f105b1d85cadfa204b21f660d:hover , .u3300a18f105b1d85cadfa204b21f660d:visited , .u3300a18f105b1d85cadfa204b21f660d:active { border:0!important; } .u3300a18f105b1d85cadfa204b21f660d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3300a18f105b1d85cadfa204b21f660d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3300a18f105b1d85cadfa204b21f660d:active , .u3300a18f105b1d85cadfa204b21f660d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3300a18f105b1d85cadfa204b21f660d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3300a18f105b1d85cadfa204b21f660d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3300a18f105b1d85cadfa204b21f660d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3300a18f105b1d85cadfa204b21f660d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3300a18f105b1d85cadfa204b21f660d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3300a18f105b1d85cadfa204b21f660d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3300a18f105b1d85cadfa204b21f660d .u3300a18f105b1d85cadfa204b21f660d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3300a18f105b1d85cadfa204b21f660d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Alchemist EssayIV.Italian armor, ca. 1400 and laterThis Italian armor is very impressing at the first sight. I was persuaded that this armor used to be worn only when I stood near it and I realized that it was nearly as tall as I am. This armor had been discovered in the ruins of a Venetian fortress at Chalcis, on the Greek island of Evia. The purpose of this work is to represent a full armor of the style worn about in 1400. it is one of the few full armors survived from that period. This work of art is made from steel and brass and its height is about 170 cm, which can tell the average height of men in that period. This Italian piece of work was a gift from Helen Fahnestock Hubbard, in memory of her father. It belongs to the Bashfored Dead Memorial Collection. At the begging, the idea that I had to visit a museum for my assignment did not make me feel happy and amused. It was the opposite. I was thinking that it would be really stupid and boring going there, spending my day looking at some expensive ââ¬Å"drawingsâ⬠. However, when I saw the museum as a building, it really impressed me. The structure and architecture was really beautiful. As I was looking for the pieces of works that I had find information about. I was attracted by other gorgeous paintings as well. I saw paintings and sculptures from different cultures, which I never had heard before. My day at the Metropolitan Museum of Art was really a pleasure and fun. Apart from pleasure and fun, I got an idea of art which is very important to anyone of us.Bibliography:
Thursday, April 23, 2020
The Justification for the Victorian Desalination Project
Table of Contents Introduction Economic Justification Social Justification Environmental Justification Conclusion Bibliography Footnotes Introduction In June 2007, the Victorian Government released the Stateââ¬â¢s next stage water plan that was christened ââ¬ËOur water, our futureââ¬â¢.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Justification for the Victorian Desalination Project specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One strategy formulated is premised on the need to construct and operate a $3.1 billion desalination plan under a Public Private Partnership (PPP) arrangement1, with Powlett River located at Wonthaggi being identified as the preferred site for the desalination plant. This research aims to evaluate the justification for the project. Economic Justification Employment is an aspect that ensures continuity of any society in a stable way. Economic statistics retrieved from the Australian Bureau of Stati stics (2006) indicate that Wonthaggi District has an employment rate of 50.4% and when compared to larger Victorian region, unemployment in this district is estimated to be high2. Employed people on the project will have a secure income that will enable them to meet their social, economic, and environmental needs. Further, the area is going to be a fertile ground for entrepreneurship activities and this will promote self-employment, as more people will venture in trade activities, sustainable agriculture, and real estate development. Therefore, Victorian Desalination Project is perceived to be viable in ensuring economic benefits, and development of the region is realized3. Social Justification Social security is the ultimate goal for sustainability of any given society. It has been noted that Melbourne region and specifically the Wonthaggi area and Bass Coast Shire area have limited social infrastructures. Outlined in its development plan, initiation of the project in the area is l ikely to result in upgrade of roads in the area ($12 million allocated); water supply is going to improve with proposed ââ¬Å"$5 million pipeline connecting Wonthaggi, Inverloch and Cape Patterson to the desalination plant ââ¬Å"4.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The project is further going to ensure provision of educational, interpretive facilities recreational and cultural assets. Social justification for the project can therefore base on assumption that, once the project starts operating, there is going to be: increased visitation to community activities and events, greater social interaction, and diversity and increased investment in social and commercial services in the area5. Environmental Justification Safe environments promote health well-being of an area and enable realization of other set goals in social-economic sphere. With the project, it is mandatory that t here will be adoption of comprehensive environment policy framework that will enable the region to realize a completely coordinated preservation and protection of both terrestrial and marine environments of the area. Environmental justification for the project can be attached to the role the project will play in terms of: management of saline concentration; protection of biodiversity and preservation of native vegetation; efficient use of resources and minimizing resource use through recovery maximization and recycling; and protecting air quality. Conclusion Economic, social, and environmental activities in Melbourne have been affected by long periods of drought. Nevertheless, with proposed Victorian Desalination Project, all indication point to an improvement and development of the area. It is recommended that all stakeholders involved in the project should ensure there is thorough economic, social and environmental assessment of the project to ensure negative impacts are minimized and net community benefit of the project are maximized. Bibliography AquaSure. Victorian Desalination Project: Local benefits and initiatives, 2010. Web. Bass Coast. Community Profile: Wonthaggi District. ID Consultancy PTY Ltd, 2007. Web.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Justification for the Victorian Desalination Project specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Capital Projects and Department of Treasure and Finance. Victorian Desalination Project: Partnerships Victoria Project Summary, Capital Projects Division, 2009. [Attached notes]. Mitchell, K, et al, Environmental Effects Act 1978: Victorian Desalination Project Environment Effects Statement, Ministry of Planning, 2008. [Attached notes]. Footnotes 1 Capital Projects and Department of Treasure and Finance, Victorian Desalination Project: Partnerships Victoria Project Summary (Capital Projects Division, 2009) p 4. 2 Bass Coast, Community Profile: Wonthaggi D istrict (2007) p.1. 3 K Mitchell, N Wimbush, C Harty, G Lampe and G Sharpley, Environmental Effects Act 1978: Victorian Desalination Project Environment Effects Statement, Ministry of Planning, 2008, p 67. 4 AquaSure, Victorian Desalination Project: Local benefits and initiatives (2010) p.1. 5 K Mitchell, N Wimbush, C Harty, G Lampe and G Sharpley, ibid, p 218.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This report on The Justification for the Victorian Desalination Project was written and submitted by user Johnathan Knight to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.
Friday, April 17, 2020
Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Essay Sample
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Essay SampleIf you're looking for an essay sample, check out the following essay to find out how this can be done. I have written a short Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs essay sample and will discuss how you can use it in your own essay writing to do so.First, the need for food comes first. Then there is the need for a bed, then clothes, then shelter, etc. If you take a look at your own life you will see this. People come to you for help when they are in need. It doesn't happen all of the time, but it does happen.If you want a job, you need to do some research. For instance, you might need to get a job because you need money. You will need to study and find out what types of jobs are available. The only way you will be able to find out the type of job you want is to go on the internet and get information about the type of job you are looking for.If you want to write an essay, then you will need to know how to organize your thoughts. You might think of an idea and then just start writing it out. That doesn't work. You must have a plan of what you want to say.You will need to learn about the basic parts of a good essay. Each part can vary, but each part is crucial to a good essay. You must be sure that you know about what you are talking about and you need to be sure that you make yourself clear.If you want to succeed, you need to learn about the definition of success. You will also need to know about the hierarchy of needs. This means that you need to know where you are going and how to get there. The last thing you need to know is that you need to know about passion and love. These are two things that drive people to achieve their goals.If you do not want to fail, then you need to learn how to analyze your weaknesses. If you want to succeed, then you will need to start thinking of your weaknesses. You need to learn how to talk about these things, especially if you need to put them into words.Finally, you need to figure out why you want t o succeed. If you want to succeed in life, then you need to know the different goals that you will need to accomplish. You will need to know what it is that you need to do to get those goals.
Tuesday, March 17, 2020
King Philip II of Macedonia
King Philip II of Macedonia King Phillip II of Macedon reigned as King of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon from 359 BC until he was assassinated in 336 BC. King Phillip II was a member of the Argead dynasty. He was the youngest son of King Amyntas III and Eurydice I. Both of Phillip IIââ¬â¢s older brothers, King Alexander II and Periddiccas III, died, thus allowing Phillip II to claim the throne of King as his own. King Phillip II was the father of Phillip III and Alexander the Great. He had many wives, although the exact number is disputed. The most famous of his unions was with Olympias. Together they had Alexander the Great. Military Prowess King Phillip II is noted for his military savvy. According to ancient history professor, Donald L. Wasson:à ââ¬Å"Although he is often only remembered for being the father ofà Alexander the Great,à Philip II of Macedon (reigned 359 BCE - 336 BCE) was an accomplished king and military commander in his own right, setting the stage for his sonââ¬â¢s victory over Darius III and the conquest of Persia. Philip inherited a weak, backward country with an ineffective, undisciplined army and molded them into a formidable, efficient military force, eventually subduing the territories around Macedonia as well as subjugating most of Greece. He used bribery, warfare, and threats to secure his kingdom. However, without his insight and determination, history would never have heard of Alexander.â⬠King Phillips Assassination King Phillip II was assassinated in October of 33 BC at Aegae, which was the capital of Macedon. A large gathering was taking place to celebrate the marriage of Phillip IIââ¬â¢s daughter, Cleopatra of Macedon and Alexander I of Epirus. While at the gathering, King Phillip II was killed by Pausanias of Oretis, who was one of his bodyguards. Pausanias of Oretis immediately tried to escape after murdering Phillip II. He had associates stationed directly outside of Aegae who were waiting for him to make an escape. However, he was pursued, eventually caught, and killed by other members of King Phillip IIââ¬â¢s bodyguard crew. Alexander the Great Alexander the Great was the son of Phillip II and Olympias. Like his father, Alexander the Great was a member of the Argead dynasty. He was born in Pella in 356 BC and eventually went on to supplant his father, Phillip II, on the throne of Macedon at the young age of twenty. He followed in his fatherââ¬â¢s footsteps, basing his rule around military conquests and expansion. He focused on expansion for his empire throughout Asia and Africa. By the age of thirty, ten years after he had taken over the throne, Alexander the Great had created one of the largest empires in the entire ancient world. Alexander the Great is said to have been undefeated in battle and is remembered as one of the greatest, strongest, and most successful military generals of all time. Over the course of his reign, he founded and established many cities that were named after him, the most famous of which being Alexandria in Egypt.
Sunday, March 1, 2020
What Is a GED Should You Get One
What Is a GED Should You Get One SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you don't have a traditional high school diploma, you can still earn an equivalent credential by getting your GED. But what is a GED? Basically, it's a credential that can subsitute for a high school diploma. Since most employers (and all colleges) will require you to have graduated fromhigh school, it's usually a good idea to get aGED if you don't complete high school. Doing so helps to ensure thatyou'll have access to more opportunities later in life. In this article, I'll go through what GED stands for, the advantages this credentialcan give you, and how to get your GED. What Is a GED? How Is It Different From a High School Diploma? GED is an acronym that refers to the General Educational Development Test. The test measureswhether students possess the academic skills equivalent to those of graduating high school seniors. People who dropped out of high school initially, but are concerned about their prospects without a diploma, often take the GED Test. The four content areas that comprise the GED Test correspond to the four most prominent core subjects in high school: Reasoning Through Language Arts Mathematical Reasoning Social Studies Science This is a recent change instituted in 2014 (there used to be five subject areas, with Reading and Writing as separate tests).The test has been updated from the 2002 version to require a deeper understanding of the material and more advanced reasoning skills. If you pass the GED Test, you will earn a GED credential, which may be a diploma or certificate depending on the state.A GED certificate or diploma is technically considered just as valid as a regular high school diploma.However, some employers and colleges will favor students with high school diplomas over those with GEDs because of the skills each measures.Since you can earn your GED by taking one test (well, a series of tests, but I'll get to that later), it may not be seen as an indication of your academic perseverance on par with a traditional high school education. If youââ¬â¢re still young enough (usually under the age of 20, although policies differ across states) that you have the opportunity to go back to high school rather than get yourGED, I would strongly recommend trying to complete your course of study so you can earn a regular diploma.Still, itââ¬â¢s better to have a GED than no degree at all, and with recent changes to the test to make it more rigorous, it might be viewed differently in the future. Who can tell what the future holds for any of us? Does free will exist? Is life just a circular hallway where all exits lead to the unfeeling void of eternity? Ok, back to the GED, sorry. Will You Be Able to Get Into College With a GED? According to the College Board, 95 percent of U.S. colleges and universities will accept GED graduates who meet their other qualifications for admission. Some examples of the few colleges that don't accept GEDs include Fairfield University, Sewanee ââ¬â University of the South, and Bowdoin College.Keep in mind, though, that many colleges require students to submit results from the SAT or ACT, and they are looking for a well-rounded application that includes a good GPA.If you dropped out of high school relatively early, you might not have a ton of information to put on your application.For this reason, many people who earn GEDs start out at community colleges or technical schools and transition to four-year colleges after a year or two. It can also be tough for students with GEDs to acquire the study skills needed for success in college because the test doesnââ¬â¢t prepare them for more in-depth assignments and long-term projects.If you had problems keeping up with assignments when you were in high school, you might want tothink about how you can revise any bad study habits you had in the past before you enroll in any competitive college programs. You should also know that college financial aid is just as readily available for students who have earned their GED as it is for traditional high school graduates, depending on your needs. You could benefit from using a planner in college if you're not the organized type (although personally I'm so disorganized that I forget to write things in planners, so that might be a problem). How Can You Earn YourGED? You must be at least 16 years old to take the GED Test, and you must not be enrolled in high school.You should also meet state eligibility requirements for the amount of time youââ¬â¢ve been out of high school.In some states, you have to be out of high school for at least 60 consecutive days before youââ¬â¢re allowed to take the test. Contact the program administrator in your state for more details. You must pass all four subject tests in the GED battery of tests, which means scoring at least a 150 on each test (scores range from 100 to 200 on the 2014 version).A score of 170 on each test is the benchmark for college and career readiness, and you will receive an Honors distinction if you reach this score.The four tests take seven and a half hours total and are administered by computer. You don't have to take them all on the same day, but some states enforce specific time frames for completing the tests.All questions are multiple choice except for one essay question on the Reading Through Language Arts test, one essay question on the Social Studies test, and two short answer questions on the Science test. If you donââ¬â¢t pass a test the first time around, you can retake it,although different states have different requirements for people who need to retake GED tests (such as additional fees or proof of attending a preparation class).Testing accommodations are available for those with disabilities; you can sign up for them through your online account after you register.You usually have to pay to sign up for the tests, but the cost varies from state to state. After you take each test, you willreceive your scores within24 hours.Here are some more details about the score report. Once you complete all four tests, you'll earn your GED in an elaborate ceremony where you must construct a giant pie chart that symbolizes your accomplishments. How Can You Prepare for the GED Test? You can call 800-62-MYGED (800-626-9433) to get referrals to local GED prep programs and testing sites along with more information and study materials.You can also sign up for an account on the GED website to register for the test and get access to practice tests and other materials that will help you prepare. Make sure to do some review if youââ¬â¢ve been out of school for a while and you think your skills might be rusty.Hereââ¬â¢s a link to some free practice tests in both English and Spanish that you can take right away.According to the information on the GED site, most people manage to pass the test and earn their GED certificate or diploma within three months, so it doesnââ¬â¢t have to be a super long process! Should You Get Your GED? You still may be wondering whether it's really worth it to get your GED as compared to other options. In comparison to no diploma at all, it's a good idea to earn a GED. As I've mentioned, you'll have access to many more opportunities in life, and you may be able to continue your education further.You could also get your HSED or High School Equivalency Diploma, or you could choose to go back to high school if you're still young enough. In comparison to a regular high school diploma, a GED will make you look slightly less qualified to some employers and colleges. If you have the ability and opportunity to do so, I strongly recommend going back to school and finishing your courses. If this isn't an option for you, you could also consider earning a High School Equivalency Diploma instead of a GED. The HSED has a couple of additional requirements, but you'll still have to take the same tests as you would for the GED in most states. The HSED is accepted by a slightly larger range of employers and colleges, although it probably won't make a huge difference in your prospects as compared to a GED. A high school education is vital if you want to be eligible for most professional jobs and all colleges. Even if you didn't finish high school as planned, earning your GED will show that you are as qualified as other high school graduates for a wide range of opportunities in the future. Put up a new road sign on a highway called YOUR LIFE. What's Next? Are you concerned about the costs of higher education? Read our practical guide detailing the best ways to save money for college. If you or someone you know is juggling a college education and the responsibilities of raising a child, you should check out this list of great scholarships for moms and single mothers. You also might qualify for a federal Pell Grant if you need help managingthe costs of college. Find out if you're eligible here. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:
Thursday, February 13, 2020
Power Relations Effect Different Actors in A Supply Chain of Oil Essay
Power Relations Effect Different Actors in A Supply Chain of Oil Industry - Essay Example In his article, he considers Michael Porterââ¬â¢s concept and argues that this model, while it may seem when considered from a business manager point of view, seems to work but fails in terms of wider economics because, in real economic structures, other factors such as power play and influent has an effect on the value chain (Henderson, 1999). Oil supply has had a history of the power play as seen in the example of the seven sisters who were a consortium of seven companies based in the Middle East and who dominated the oil industry for over thirty years since the 1940s. Countries have vested interest in oil supply chain as a way to make sure that they can be able to sustain their economies (Bridge & Le, 2013). According to oil and energy experts, over ten calories of oil energy are used for the production of just one calorie of food energy. The energy in form of fertilizers, energy for farm equipment, chemicals packaging for farm pesticides etc also adds up to over ten calories o f energy to produce just one calorie of food. The same oil is also needed to power other areas of the economy, such as transportation and communication equipment. In most countries, the defence department depends on oil for over 70% of its operations. This leads to the concept of energy security. Energy security refers to the security related to the availability, or lack thereof, of oil energy. This brings in a lot of power play in the supply chain. The role of political power in the oil supply chain is much that there is even speculation that the reason why the United States has continually attacked the Middle East is for the purse of getting the oil reserves in this region. The same theory has been applied in the attack and killing of the leader of Libya, Muammar Gadaffi. Whether these conspiracy theories are valid or not, the truth remains that political power play is a major factor in oil supply chains.
Saturday, February 1, 2020
Role of Inventors and Governments in Industrialization Research Paper
Role of Inventors and Governments in Industrialization - Research Paper Example Seeds could be planted at specific depths in proper rows and this was a tremendous improvement in Agriculture. Before the invention farmers would scatter seeds and this was very wasteful as most seeds would not take root. Many other machine inventors would contribute to the mechanization and automation of industrial processes. Discussion Natural resources were utilized to develop machine production processes. Coal and water power were a source of fuel for industrial processes. Construction of buildings, tools, and machines was done using iron ore. Rivers served as means of inland transportation of materials, goods, and people. In addition harbors for merchant ships were established.2 Industrialization began with the textile industry where the invention of the spinning machine spurred immense growth. The water frame which was invented in 1769 by Richard Arkwright ran on waterpower from rapid streams. Samuel Crompton invented the advance spinning mule in 1779 and it ran on water power and it produced stronger, consistent and finer thread than previous spinning machines.3 There was a ready market for cotton worldwide and supply for cotton from the American South. Advances in the textile industry triggered industrial development in various sectors. In transport, the landmark invention was the steam engine in 1765 by James Watt. Water transport exhibited tremendous improvement in England. A network of human-made waterways/canals was established. By 1850, inland channels that spanned 4,200 miles reduced the transport cost for both finished goods and raw materials. English factories were powered by steam-driven machinery towards the end of the eighteenth century. Steam driven locomotives were used to transport iron and various raw materials on land. George Stephenson successfully spearheaded the construction of the railroad in 1821.4 Indeed the invention and subsequent perfection of the locomotive had tremendous effects on industrialization. Manufacturers had a cheap means to transport finished goods and raw materials. Numerous jobs were created for both miners (provided coal for steam engines and iron for the rail tracks) and railroad workers.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)